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Airdrop games: towards a theory of tokenomics for blockchain system launches

26 June 2025 IO Research 7 mins read

Airdrop games: towards a theory of tokenomics for blockchain system launches

Blockchain systems are typified by teamwork and collaboration, requiring collective cooperation and contribution to succeed. The concept of 'public good games' has been extensively described in game theory studies. Can it be applied to understanding blockchain tokenomics?

What is unique about blockchains is that the number of engaged participants can be quite large, around the world, without communication or clear, central leadership. What convinces these players, in the game theoretic sense, to contribute1 to the common good of such blockchain communities? How can incentives be optimally and fairly designed? These questions are…

Shaping Cardano's future: Input | Output Engineering development proposal

Input | Output Engineering invites the community to support Cardano's next chapter through transformative advancements

26 June 2025 Olga Hryniuk 10 mins read

Shaping Cardano's future: Input | Output Engineering development proposal

In the new era of community-led governance, all of us will shape Cardano’s next chapter. Input | Output Engineering (IOE) has proposed roadmap priorities focused on scalability, usability, and interoperability. These initiatives, working in harmony with strong proposals from the wider developer community, are designed to take Cardano where it needs to go next, contributing to a…

Layer 2 expansion: beyond Hydra

Input | Output Research (IOR) hosted June's Cardano R&D session in collaboration with the Intersect Research Working Group. Featuring leading developers and researchers from across the ecosystem, together they explored a new generation of layer 2 innovations, from optimistic and zero-knowledge rollups to enhanced Hydra-inspired architectures

24 June 2025 Fergie Miller 6 mins read

As part of its evolving approach to community collaboration, IOR hosted the June 2025 Cardano R&D session as a thematic, livestreamed panel discussion on Layer 2 Expansion: Beyond Hydra. The event spotlighted a series of leading layer 2 innovations being developed across the Cardano ecosystem, exploring scaling solutions that extend far beyond the Hydra Head protocol.

IOR has…

To slash or not to slash: that is the blockchain question

24 June 2025 IO Research 14 mins read

To slash or not to slash: that is the blockchain question

Blockchain systems operate at the intersection of cryptography and economic incentives, combining security mechanisms with game-theoretic principles to safeguard digital assets worth billions of dollars. At the heart of this security lie cryptographic techniques and, crucially, consensus algorithms that maintain a globally consistent ledger by receiving, sequencing, and…

Understanding Cardano: introducing the Cardano Blueprint

Foundational knowledge for easier understanding of the Cardano blockchain

20 June 2025 Neil Burgess 4 mins read

Understanding Cardano: introducing the Cardano Blueprint

Cardano is a third-generation blockchain platform built on years of rigorous research and developed with complex technical components, including the Ouroboros consensus protocol and the extended UTXO (EUTXO) ledger model.

While the research and formal methods have provided a strong foundation, understanding the details of how Cardano works can be challenging for some community…